Understanding Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Key Definitions

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, to settle in a new location. It may be voluntary or involuntary. Reasons for migrating include economic, environmental and social issues. A migrant is a person who has moved away from their country of origin, usually for work, study or to join family. 

A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their home country to escape war, persecution, violence or national disaster and is not able to return until conditions are safe again. A refugee has a legal status that provides them with rights and protections. Ukrainians arriving through the Homes for Ukraine scheme are referred to as guests as they stay in homes of UK sponsors or hosts. Although they do not have refugee status in the UK, they are refugees by definition. 

An asylum seeker is a person who is in the process of claiming protection in another country, having left their home country due to war, persecution, violence or national disaster. While waiting for a decision on their asylum claim, they will have limited rights in the country of asylum. Not every asylum seeker will be recognised as a refugee.

Facts about refugees and asylum seekers


The UK is home to around 0.5% of the world’s forcibly displaced refugees . This is less per capita than many of our European neighbours, such as France, Germany and the Netherlands.


People seeking asylum make up around 7% of the total number of migrants to the UK each year.


Four times as many people migrate to the UK to study than claim asylum .


There are 669,380 residents in Gloucestershire. As of 30th September 2025, there were 2,790 refugees or asylum seekers entitled to support across the Homes for Ukraine, Resettlement, and Asylum routes. Overall, this equates to less than a half of one percent (0.40%, or 40 people per 10,000 settled Gloucestershire residents). The UK average is 0.46%.


While more men have historically sought asylum in the UK, many men are later joined by their partners and families. In fact, 82% of adults granted refugee family reunion visas are women, showing that refugee communities are diverse and include many women and families.


When asylum seekers arrive in the UK they are placed in asylum accommodation by the Home Office. Asylum accommodation is often basic, using budget hotels or repurposed buildings. People have no choice over where the Home Office places them, with rooms being small and often shared with others, with very little privacy.


Asylum seekers receive very limited support from the Government while their asylum claim is being processed:

Those housed in hotels receive £9.95 per week, around £1.42 per day, to cover essential items like clothing, toiletries, phone credit, and transport.

Those in dispersal accommodation receive £49.18 per week, which must cover food costs as well as all essential items.

As a result, asylum seekers will often rely on charities for support.


Asylum seekers are not allowed to work while their claim is being processed due to Government rules. Once granted refugee status, they can work like anyone else and bring valuable skills and knowledge that benefit the whole of society. When legally employed, migrants directly support public services, with a particularly high proportion working in healthcare and in care roles.


People seeking asylum are not eligible for council housing while their claims are being assessed. Once someone is granted refugee status, they can apply for social housing or rent privately, just like any other eligible resident. Being granted refugee status does not give automatic priority to social housing. All social housing applications are assessed based on need.

How People Arrive

The Homes for Ukraine scheme (HFU) was launched on 14 March 2022 after the invasion of Ukraine the previous month. The scheme allows individuals in the UK to sponsor a named Ukrainian individual or family to come and live in the UK with them, providing that they have suitable accommodation that is available for at least six months after the arrival of their Ukrainian guests.

All local authorities have an essential role to play in supporting people in their area under the Homes for Ukraine scheme, both sponsors and guests. Funding is provided by government to provide support in the following areas:

  • Welcoming, safeguarding and settling in
  • Integration and work
  • English language support
  • Long-term sustainable housing
  • Reporting and data management

Guests arriving under the scheme have been able to access healthcare, benefits, employment support, education and English language lessons. Guests and hosts are visited regularly throughout each placement to offer support, signposting, mediation and to carry out safeguarding and welfare checks​.

The Homes for Ukraine scheme (HFU) was launched on 14 March 2022 after the invasion of Ukraine the previous month. The scheme allows individuals in the UK to sponsor a named Ukrainian individual or family to come and live in the UK with them, providing that they have suitable accommodation that is available for at least six months after the arrival of their Ukrainian guests.

All local authorities have an essential role to play in supporting people in their area under the Homes for Ukraine scheme, both sponsors and guests. Funding is provided by government to provide support in the following areas:

  • Welcoming, safeguarding and settling in
  • Integration and work
  • English language support
  • Long-term sustainable housing
  • Reporting and data management

Guests arriving under the scheme have been able to access healthcare, benefits, employment support, education and English language lessons. Guests and hosts are visited regularly throughout each placement to offer support, signposting, mediation and to carry out safeguarding and welfare checks​.

The UK Resettlement Scheme (UKRS) is open to vulnerable refugees from around the world offering a safe and legal route for those in need of protection. It launched in 2021, replacing the Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) which provided sanctuary to those fleeing the Syrian conflict to neighbouring countries between 2014 and 2020.

People arriving via this route only move to the UK once suitable accommodation has been identified and is ready. Since its launch, the UK has welcomed refugees through this scheme from countries including Ethiopia, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen. 

The Home Office provides funding to local authorities for five-years per person, which will also include funding for education and health. Resettled refugees are granted Indefinite Leave to Remain and refugee status on arrival in the UK

The UK Resettlement Scheme (UKRS) is open to vulnerable refugees from around the world offering a safe and legal route for those in need of protection. It launched in 2021, replacing the Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) which provided sanctuary to those fleeing the Syrian conflict to neighbouring countries between 2014 and 2020.

People arriving via this route only move to the UK once suitable accommodation has been identified and is ready. Since its launch, the UK has welcomed refugees through this scheme from countries including Ethiopia, Iraq, Sudan, Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen. 

The Home Office provides funding to local authorities for five-years per person, which will also include funding for education and health. Resettled refugees are granted Indefinite Leave to Remain and refugee status on arrival in the UK

The Afghan Resettlement Programme (ARP) is a Home Office relocation programme for Afghan citizens and their family members who either:

  • worked for or with the UK Government in Afghanistan in exposed roles.
  • have assisted the UK efforts in Afghanistan and stood up for values such as democracy, women’s rights, freedom of speech, and rule of law.
  • are vulnerable people, including women and girls at risk, and members of minority groups at risk (including ethnic and religious minorities and LGBT+)

From 01/03/2025 ARP brought together the previous Afghan schemes; the Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy (ARAP), and the Afghan Citizens Resettlement Scheme (ACRS).

The Afghan Resettlement Programme (ARP) is a Home Office relocation programme for Afghan citizens and their family members who either:

  • worked for or with the UK Government in Afghanistan in exposed roles.
  • have assisted the UK efforts in Afghanistan and stood up for values such as democracy, women’s rights, freedom of speech, and rule of law.
  • are vulnerable people, including women and girls at risk, and members of minority groups at risk (including ethnic and religious minorities and LGBT+)

From 01/03/2025 ARP brought together the previous Afghan schemes; the Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy (ARAP), and the Afghan Citizens Resettlement Scheme (ACRS).

People also arrive in the UK seeking asylum, where they have not been able to travel under a recognised refugee scheme. Once in this country they need to apply for refugee status in order to stay. If they receive a positive decision on their asylum claim they will be granted leave to remain in the UK.

The majority of applications for asylum are approved as most people applying for asylum have a strong case to receive humanitarian protection in the UK when assessed against strict legal criteria.

The Home Office is responsible for providing asylum seekers with accommodation.

People also arrive in the UK seeking asylum, where they have not been able to travel under a recognised refugee scheme. Once in this country they need to apply for refugee status in order to stay. If they receive a positive decision on their asylum claim they will be granted leave to remain in the UK.

The majority of applications for asylum are approved as most people applying for asylum have a strong case to receive humanitarian protection in the UK when assessed against strict legal criteria.

The Home Office is responsible for providing asylum seekers with accommodation.

The British National (Overseas) or BN(O) route reflects the UK’s historic and moral commitment to those people of Hong Kong who chose to retain their ties to the UK by taking up BN(O) status at the point of Hong Kong’s handover to China in 1997.

In January 2021, the Home Office launched the BN(O) visa, enabling BN(O) status holders and their family members to live, work, and study in the UK. In April 2021, the UK government launched a new UK-wide Welcome Programme to support those on the BN(O) visa settle into the UK.

The Welcome Programme also provides funding for destitution support. If a BN(O) visa holder is at risk of becoming destitute (homeless) they can apply for a Change of Condition to lift the No Recourse to Public Funds limitation on their BN(O) visa.

The British National (Overseas) or BN(O) route reflects the UK’s historic and moral commitment to those people of Hong Kong who chose to retain their ties to the UK by taking up BN(O) status at the point of Hong Kong’s handover to China in 1997.

In January 2021, the Home Office launched the BN(O) visa, enabling BN(O) status holders and their family members to live, work, and study in the UK. In April 2021, the UK government launched a new UK-wide Welcome Programme to support those on the BN(O) visa settle into the UK.

The Welcome Programme also provides funding for destitution support. If a BN(O) visa holder is at risk of becoming destitute (homeless) they can apply for a Change of Condition to lift the No Recourse to Public Funds limitation on their BN(O) visa.